Making Sense Of Delta And Wye
Understanding Power and the 3 Phases
Delta and Wye are a common point of misunderstanding and cause for confusion when understanding and calculating how 3-phase power is used. It is important to understand the difference between the two when they are used with respect to heater design. The three phases of power are created at power plants, such as hydroelectric, nuclear, or coal, where power is generated. The power plant’s turbine generators which create the electricity have three separate coils that align with the generator poles to create the three different phases. As the generator armature makes its way around the 360° circle it causes three AC waves that are 120° out of phase with each other. In the United States of America, it is common for the AC electricity to change directions 60 times per second hence the 60 Hz we see on data plate labels and for electrical components. As electricity is transmitted, it is stepped down via a transformer to a usable amplitude, such as 120V, 240V, 480V, etc. 3-Phase power would use all three distribution lines whereas single-phase power could use only one (like 120V L1-N) or two distribution lines (like 240V L1-L2).
3 Phase Delta
A Delta configuration is a circuit in which three loads are connected in a triangle with each load representing a side of the triangle.
3 Phase Wye
A Wye configuration is a circuit in which three loads are connected in a Y with each leg representing a leg of the Y.
The Differences
The electrical load used in the heater can be wired either in a Delta or Wye configuration depending on the heater design. A Delta configuration, typically used up to 277VAC, is a circuit in which three loads are connected in a single “triangle” with each load representing a side of the triangle. A Wye configuration, used above 277VAC, is a circuit in which three loads are connected in a Y with each load representing a leg of the Y. Both configurations offer unique attributes which we can use to our advantage to create the optimal heater design.
It is worth noting that both wiring styles react differently when a coil fails. When a coil fails on a three-coil Delta, the heater will drop to 66.7% of its original capacity. If two coils failed, the third can still produce heat. On the other hand, if a single coil fails on a three-coil Wye, the heater will drop to 50% of its original capacity, and the heater will not produce heat if two coils fail.
Each Type of Wiring Configuration (Delta and Wye) Has Unique Benefits. Hopefully, this gives you a better understanding of the two types of configurations and how we use them in our heaters to produce the optimal heater design.
If you want more information and some infographics, please download and take a look at the Making Sense of Delta & Wye PowerPoint.